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The myth of the eighteenth-century British "war machine" persists, perplexing those who search for the reasons why Britain lost the Revolutionary War. In this book, R. Arthur Bowler argues that although recent and traditional studies have pointed out many problems of the British forces in America, they have failed to appreciate a major weakness--logistics.
The author draws on the remarkably complete records of British government offices concerned with logistics during the Revolutionary War and army service departments such as commissary, quartermaster and barrack-master generals to provide a full account of the everyday life of the British army and an accurate record of how logistical and administrative problems in America affected the course of the war. His study makes it clear that the British army in America depended almost entirely on Britain for supplies, and that for six years inadequate and sometimes corrupt administration seriously affected the course of operations and the morale of the troops. An organization capable of supplying the army was not developed until 1781, too late to change the outcome of the war.
Originally published in 1975.
The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
- Sales Rank: #2074160 in Books
- Published on: 2015-03-08
- Released on: 2015-03-08
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.50" h x .69" w x 5.25" l, .94 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 304 pages
Most helpful customer reviews
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
A Very Worthwhile Book
By Bill Walsh
This is a book that any serious student of the Revolutionary War should read. The book is divided into seven major sections. Mr. Bowler starts by describing the British logistical organization, such as it was. He then goes into the problems that that organization and the operational units it supported faced. Exactly how many mouths had to be fed? Conflicting data, poor communications, and the lenghth of time required to send messages back and forth across the Atlantic were vexing to all concerned. The London authorities did not seem to realize how much wastage occurred due to poor food quality, poor packaging, the uncertainties of sea travel in the age of sail, poor storage in the colonies, and further losses ashore in getting the landed supplies to where the troops actually were.
The second section is entitled "America as a Source of Supply" and the short answer is that it was not. The population was much more disaffected than the Britiish government believed; assured supply was only possible from areas under the British army's direct control.
The third section is "Britain as a Source of Supply" or, as subtitled, "The Problem of Food." I, for one had not realized how close the British were to being unable to feed their army in 1779. They scraped by but had difficulty throughout the war in amassing the reserves necessary to support campaigns away from coastal ports. Bowler states that for the seventy-nine months of conflict (Lexington-Yorktown) the army had the desired six months reserve it thought necessary for only twenty-three of those months.
The fourth section deals with Britain as a source of supply for all the necessities other than food. These ran the gamut from candles to horses and the fodder for same. The losses of horses at sea were horrendous and those that arrived needed months to recuperate. Once unloaded there were always problems in arranging land and water transport to final destinations.
The fifth section deals with the malfeasance that occurred within the supply organization. This section could have been shortened and still made its point that these "gaming the system" activities increased the overall cost of the war, lessened efficiency, and provided incentives to supply inferior products at quality prices.
The sixth section deals with the "Northern War" because Canada was handled separately from the colonies. It includes an incisive analysis of the poor logistical planning for Burgoyne's campaign in 1777.
The final conclusions section is excellent and sums up the changing British strategies during the course of the war and the pervasive influence of supply matters. It is worth having the book just for this last section.
There are page reference notes and a complete bibliography for those wanting to dig further into this interesting study.
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America 1775-1783
By Eric Williams
Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America 1775-1783 by R. Arthur Bowler. 290 pages. 1975
Found this book in a local library while I was doing research for a Staff Ride at the Paoli Battlefield. A former co-worker had read it several years ago and highly recommended it.
The book is shorter in length than I expected given that "To Starve the Army at Pleasure: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775-1783" is 321 pages and "Supplying Washington's Army" is 492 pages. The writing in parts is swift moving and in other parts it bogs done into minutia. The later especially occurs in the chapter on war profiteering. An important subject but perhaps best left in this detail to a separate book.
The first couple of chapters and the chapter on the Northern Campaigns and Canada proved excellent in balancing readability and detail. The structure and numbers involved in the British logistics effort are stunning and when probed too deeply the reader can get lost. It is remarkable that so much of this data survives in usable form. While the author in the conclusion states that you can not solely lay the failure of the British to triumph in the American Revolution on the altar of logistics, he does make a great case for how significant a role it did play in the outcome.
What becomes clearer with this text then with other standard or generalized books on the American Revolution is how much influence the logistics situation had on British operations and plans. It also validates that amateurs and popular historians study tactics and biographies while professionals study logistics. Much of the maligned movements or lack of movement of British forces in the war are too often attributed to poor generalship or other myths. A little deeper investigation and the logistics situation can generally account for a lot of what happened and why and how it happened.
The scope of the British logistics effort was amazing. The majority of military supplies, food stuff, fodder, and equipment issued to the armies was supplied from across the Atlantic Ocean. This explains the lack of deep maneuver away from the ocean and the rivers by the British. Locally they harvested firewood, though rarely with out escort and loss. The British operated breweries in New York City, spruce beer proved a prophylactic for scurvy.
The battle for provisions both locally collected and transported proved a constant drain on British manpower. Not only did having to provide escorts and fight off attacks waste and fatigue manpower but I also seasoned American troops and boasted their self-confidence. The notion of transport also proved sticky as there were competing theories about owning the transport versus contracting the transport. None the less supplies are only worthwhile if they are in the right place at the right time and in the right condition which in the 18th century was not always easy. Salt and salt-rations were the normal preservative and preserved type of rations. This placed salt at a premium for all sides.
The biggest eye opener for me though was the effect of the Sullivan Campaign of 1779 on the rationing situation of British forces that winter and into the next year. It hampered British operations across the theater and conflict and could have proved even more disastrous across the spectrum then it was. Attacking an enemy through his economy and logistics rather than through direct combat is akin to the modern police theory of; if you follow the drugs you will catch drug users, dealers, and suppliers. If you follow the money you get the kingpins.
A good book for most readers though not the entire book. The chapter on war profiteering is drudgery.
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